RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o controle genético integrado ao controle químico da ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS) e os efeitos dessas medidas sobre a produtividade da cultura. O experimento foi conduzido em Erechim/RS, nas safras 2016/17 e 2017/18, sob delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcela subdividida (cultivares, nas parcelas; e fungicidas, nas subparcelas), com quatro repetições. Foram utilizadas as seguintes cultivares: BMX Vanguarda (sem tolerância à FAS); TMG 7062; TMG 7262; e TMG 7161, tolerantes à FAS (cultivares com tecnologia Inox™). Os fungicidas utilizados foram: T1) testemunha (sem aplicação de fungicidas); T2) azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupyr; T3) difenoconazol + ciproconazol; T4) trifloxistrobina + protioconazol; e T5) epoxiconazol + fluxapiroxade + piraclostrobina. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações de fungicidas nos estádios V6; R1; R5.1; e R6. Durante a condução do experimento, para o cálculo da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (AACPD), avaliou-se a severidade da doença, com intervalos de 7 dias, em uma amostra aleatória de 10 trifólios por parcela. Após a colheita, determinou-se os componentes de rendimento: número de grãos por planta, peso de mil grãos (g), e a produtividade (kg ha-1). Na safra 2017/18 o fungicida difenoconazol + ciproconazol não foi eficiente para o controle da FAS. As cultivares de soja TMG 7062, TMG 7161 e TMG 7261 retardaram o progresso da doença, entretanto somente a cultivar TMG 7161 apresentou tolerância sob a presença do inóculo nas safras 2016/17 e 2017/18. A associação entre controle químico e genético mostra-se eficiente no controle da FAS.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic control integrated to the chemical control of Asian soybean rust (ASR) and the effects of these measures on crop yield. The experiment was conducted in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop years, under a randomized block design, in a subdivided plot scheme (cultivars in the plots and fungicides in the subplots), with four replicates. The following cultivars were used: BMX Vanguarda (without ASR tolerance); TMG 7062; TMG 7262, and TMG 7161, tolerant to ASR (Inox™ Technology cultivars). The fungicides used were: T1) control (without application of fungicides); T2) azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr; T3) difenoconazole + cyproconazole; T4) trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, and T5) epoxiconazole + fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin. Four fungicide applications were carried out at the V6, R1, R5.1 and R6 stages. During the experiment, for the calculation of the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), disease severity was assessed at 7-day intervals in a random sample of 10 trifolia per plot. After harvest, yield components were determined: number of grains per plant, thousand grain weight (g), and yield (kg ha-1). In 2017/18 crop year, the fungicide difenoconazole + cyproconazole was not efficient for ASR control. The soybean cultivars TMG 7062, TMG 7161 and TMG 7261 delayed the disease progression; however, only TMG 7161 presented tolerance in the presence of the inoculum in 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop years. The association between chemical and genetic control is shown to be efficient for ASR control.

Abstract This study aimed at evaluating the levels of different maternal exercise intensities on maternal and fetal outcomes. Wistar rats were mated and the pregnant rats were distributed into four experimental groups (n = 13 animals/group): Control (Not exercise group - 0% of the anaerobic threshold- AT), mild (20%), moderate (80%), and heavy-exercise intensity (140% of AT). These AT were matched to the load of 0, 1, 4 and 7% of the body weight of the animal related to swimming-induced physical intensity. In pregnancy, biomarkers related to maternal blood gases, oxidative stress, metabolism, and reproductive performance, and outcomes of their offspring were analyzed. The mild and moderate-swimming caused no change on implantation, live fetus numbers and oxidative stress status. However, the rats submitted to mild-exercise presented respiratory alkalosis and the heavy-exercise group showed respiratory acidosis. In addition, fetuses of the heavy-exercise dams were smaller for gestational age and lower serum adiponectin levels compared to those of other groups. In conclusion, the moderate-exercise intensity caused beneficial effects for maternal environment and the mild and moderate-exercise presented similar fetal repercussions. Nevertheless, the heavy-exercise intensity caused maternal metabolic alterations that damaged the fetal growth. Therefore, these findings confirm that physical intensity should be carefully conducted to avoid maternal complications and, consequently, compromised fetal repercussions.

ABSTRACT Several studies present different methodologies and results about intensity exercise, and many of them are performed in male rats. However, the impact of different type, intensity, frequency and duration of exercise on female rats needs more investigation. From the analysis of blood lactate concentration during lactate minimum test (LacMin) in the swimming exercise, the anaerobic threshold (AT) was identified, which parameter is defined as the transition point between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. LacMin test is considered a good indicator of aerobic conditioning and has been used in prescription of training in different exercise modalities. However, there is no evidence of LacMin test in female rats. The objective was to determine AT in non-pregnant and pregnant Wistar rats. The LacMin test was performed and AT defined for mild exercise intensity was from a load equivalent to 1% of body weight (bw), moderate exercise as carrying 4% bw and severe intensity as carrying 7% bw. In pregnant rats, the AT was reached at a lower loading from 5.0% to 5.5% bw, while in non-pregnant the load was from 5.5% to 6.0% bw. Thus, this study was effective to identify exercise intensities in pregnant and non-pregnant rats using anaerobic threshold by LacMin test.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare two models of swimming applied to pregnant rats born small for pregnancy age (SPA). Diabetes was chemically induced in adult female rats to develop an inadequate intrauterine environment, leading to birth of a SPA offspring. In adulthood, the female SPA rats were mated and submitted to different swimming programs. The exercise program 1 (Ex1) consisted of swimming for 15 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of rest and another 15 minutes of swimming, 3 days a week before and during pregnancy. Another program (Ex2) was applied during 60 minutes uninterrupted a day, 6 days/week during pregnancy. The pregnant rats presented no interference on body weight and glycemia. The rats submitted to Ex2 model showed decreased insulin and blood glucose levels by oral glucose tolerance test, and reduction in area under curve values. The offspring from dams submitted to both exercise protocols presented an increased rate of newborns SPA. However, the offspring from Ex2 dams showed percentage twice higher of newborns SPA than Ex1 offspring. Our data suggests that continuous exercise of 60 min/day ameliorated the enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity in growth-restricted females. However, this protocol employed at pregnancy leads to intrauterine growth restriction.